The heat was right to electricity in the West Tuesday evening and into the night. More than 600,000 homes were affected in southern Nantes Vendee via the coast, like in Pornic. The situation then gradually restored. In the early morning, a few dozen homes were still without power, however.
The first break occurred after an incident electric transformer station of Rance (Ille-et-Vilaine), reaching 110,000 homes near Saint-Malo. Then a second, at 22:26, the electric transformer station of Theix (Morbihan) plunged 25,000 inhabitants of Vannes and its surroundings in the dark. At Vannes, the situation has returned to normal at 23.10 and Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine) half of EDF impacted customers were connected again shortly after midnight by mobilizing teams from electricity transmission network reinforcements (TENs). Asked by LCI Wednesday morning at 7 am, Patrice Faure, secretary general of the prefecture of Ille-et-Vilaine stressed that the current had returned throughout his department around 4.
Call Number
Loire -Atlantic at 10:22 p.m., a fire was also reported near the power plant Cordemais. It was quickly extinguished by firefighters but caused few cuts. Another incident took place at 22:50 Cheviré. The situation was completely restored in the department around 6:30.
According to RTE, the cuts of Saint-Malo, Vannes and Cheviré have to cause “incidents on measuring instruments” that would not have supported the sharp fluctuations . temperatures between Tuesday morning and Tuesday night
ERDF has made available to its customers a phone number: 09726750, which must be added the number of his department.
Ask your questions to Louis Bodin. This Wednesday at 16 am, Louis Bodin, specialist weather of TF1, in direct answer to your questions about this heat wave. To ask your questions, click the following links:
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The fire caused a chain reaction. The departments of 35, 22, 29, 56, 53, 44, 85 were partially victims of power outages. Thousands of users were still without power in the middle of night.
ERDF has made available to its clients a number on twitter Call for customers, 09726750 which must be added the number of the department.
Ille-et-Vilaine
Shortly before 21: 30 pm, a transformer exploded at the station RTE Richardais, the dam of La Rance, near Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine).
Nearly 140 000 homes in northern department of Ille-et-Vilaine were without power in the wake of the explosion of an electrical transformer that occurred in the early evening La Richardais, near the dam of the Rance (35).
23 00 40 000 homes of Fougeres sector regained the current. The prefecture identifies those likely to be rescued at home, but as yet no action has been taken.
RTE’s teams work on site to restore the power supply. RTE hopes a total return of power to 2 h 00 in the morning.
Morbihan
At least 7,000 homes were affected around Crédin and the Morbihanais dependent positions Theix and Josselin.
“electricity transport problems are the cause of these cuts” , does one explain to ErDF. In these towns, are “sources posts, those receiving the high voltage lines that are connected to transformers to convert electricity in 20,000 volts” .
example, a small fire in Josselin resulted in a failure.
Côtes d’Armor
1,600 homes were without electricity. Dinan and everywhere around, it’s a mess. On the roads, traffic lights are off. In stores, alarms sound continuously. The restaurants are clueless.
Loire-Atlantique
At around 22: 30 pm, a massive power failure has hit the southern department and a of Nantes, plunging thousands of residents in the dark. It is the heat that would be the cause of this failure. Indeed, as explained in the evening, western director of RTE (Electricity Transport Network), Didier Beny, “it is small transformers measure, installed in substations that have suffered from the heat. The temperature induced in all likelihood an overvoltage “. If 23 to 30 pm, Didier Beny was confident for a quick recovery in the Vendée, the question remained for the Loire-Atlantique. Morbihan and Ille-et-Vilaine were also affected by power outages, for identical reasons.
saddened right, sometimes virulent acids but rarely left the many reactions to the death Monday of Charles Pasqua prolong the debates in his lifetime highs around the truculent personality and controversial former minister, Gaullist, entered very young resistance, member of SAC sulfur and sentenced in his old age to justice .
The funeral will take place in Paris, Friday at 10:00, during a Mass, celebrated probably the Invalides, if not in the Saint-Sulpice church, do we learned from the Senate. Former Senator will be buried Monday in the Grasse family vault (Alpes-Maritimes), where lies his only son, who died in February.
A tweet summarizes almost all reactions, that of Lionel Luca MP (The Republicans): “It is with a greedy smile Ch Pasqua will revel comments of a political class that has so hated …”
To say ill of the dead is a year to which no one folds easily, either out of respect, superstition or both. Especially in front of such a contrasting personality. At 16, in 1943, Charles Pasqua, known for his “rants” and outspoken, joined the Resistance. All his life he remained true to his ideal Gaullist but had trouble with justice dark Affairs (political financing, arms sales ….), which earned him several convictions.
President Francois Hollande “welcomed the memory of a Gaullist who was twice Minister of the Interior.” “In difficult and challenging conditions,” Pasqua “animated his entire French political life personality,” says a statement from the Elysee.
The name of Pasqua remains associated with the death of a young man of Moroccan origin, Oussekine Malik, who died at the hands of the police during a student demonstration in Paris in 1986, when he was Beauvau place.
Another “gray area” for this old “top cop of France”: its legislation restricting the right of asylum in June 1993, and its links with the Civic Action Service (SAC), a kind of secret police created in the late 1950s and dissolved by François Mitterrand after the killing of a local leader of the SAC and all his family.
On the right, even among his opponents Chirac, we salute the memory of the one we liked the shock formulas like “must terrorize terrorists. ” “Jacques Chirac has learned with great sadness the death of Charles Pasqua,” said the former Head of State in a statement sent to AFP by his daughter Claude.
– ‘With him, no jargon ‘-
Obviously keen to forget that Charles Pasqua, who he did not speak for a long time, had “betrayed” the benefit of Edouard Balladur in 1995 ” Jacques Chirac lost a companion and a friend, “the statement said.
” France loses one of its greatest servants, “responded the former head of state Nicolas Sarkozy, who had blown him to 28 years, the town hall of Neuilly-sur-Seine. Historically, these two politicians in strong character had reconciled. In his last public appearance, Pasqua had attended on May 30 the founder of the Republican convention.
“His personality impressed me,” said Alain Juppe, not known to be easily impressed.
Even the younger generation, which has hardly known, bows. “This is a man I did not know much but what he did as a young resistant (…) hat lot of respect,” said Bruno Le Maire.
“With him , no waffling, “exclaims François Fillon, remembering his” eloquence “who” brightened the greyness of the political-media world. “
This trait, many also point the forward, including left. “He had a dark side (…) but I want to look today, the day of his disappearance, the jovial and spirited” and said Michel Sapin, Minister of Finance.
“In my generation, his memory is overloaded by the death of Malik Oussekine” but “this man was marked by the Resistance (…) discussions with him it was rude, he lengthened the strokes,” said Jean -Luke Mélenchon, yet strong political opponent.
Only Ian Brossat (PCF) has frankly visitors. “Topping tonight’s face Malik Oussekine which itself has not had the chance to live up to 88 years …” he tweeted.
Jean -Marie Le Pen and Florian Philippot, the FN number two, each in turn paid tribute to “a great patriot”
T suspense was no longer really. Marine Le Pen, after waiting for the last day of June to declare, she had another option than to conquer the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy region? The deal, in fact, was quite simple: do not go there, it was sure to lose for the FN; to go, it is the possibility of winning.
Often invoked, starting with itself, the argument of the telescoping of …
SCAN THE POLICY / VIDEO – In the hemicycle on Tuesday, the right launched a tribute to the former minister who has generated some confusion in elected from the majority
“I know that tribute will be paid to Charles Pasqua in the Senate last Assembly where he served. But let me on behalf of my group to have a thought for the man who was a great patriot and a great servant of the state. ” When Christian Jacob, president of the group Republicans (LR), speaks Tuesday afternoon during questions to the government, it is first to pay tribute to former Interior Minister Charles Pasqua, died Monday night. A tribute unanimously agreed by members of the opposition, but that sparked a floating moment in the Chamber.
A few seconds after the start of the “standing ovation” Republicans, left remaining marble. Suddenly, Manuel Valls rises, quickly followed by the Minister of Relations with Parliament Jean-Marie Le Guen. The Prime Minister applauded in turn directs and gestures of encouragement by his colleagues to do the same: the ovation finally gone around the chamber after some hesitation. Once is not custom, Christian Jacob to welcome the gesture of Manuel Valls: “Thank you Mr. Prime Minister, the Government, to all our colleagues who have praised the memory of this statesman”
“The reluctance of the left to stand up at the mention of Charles Pasqua shows that there is a controversial figure even after his death” comments on Twitter parliamentarian Christophe Caresche in a less conciliatory spirit. However, this gesture of Manuel Valls might be such as to calm the complaints raised within the right by the low reactivity of the Elysee, which has honored the memory of Charles Pasqua a dozen hours after news of his death with a terse statement. A cowardice that has not failed to meet Senator Joëlle Garriaud LR-Maylam.
THE SCAN POLICY – Several MPs have published an open letter calling on the mayor of Lille to be a candidate in regional elections
<. p> If it is a surprise to anyone, Navy nomination Le Pen in regional elections in the North this morning has not least been a bombshell to the PS. Where some are concerned about the apparent fragility of the candidacy of first deputy chairman of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Pierre de Saintignon, facing those of Xavier Bertrand and the President of the FN. Especially since this close to Martine Aubry has not managed to convince environmentalists to line up behind him. “There is a real danger, one that Marine Le Pen to take the region. Martine Aubry should go it was his duty, “said Tuesday morning on RTL Ahmed, socialist activist in the Lille region. A sentiment shared by several elected socialist North and Picardy which could publish in the day an open letter to the mayor of Lille to invite him to engage in battle, RTL reported.
The prospect a Marine Le Pen victory seems in fact to be confirmed: according to an Opinion Way survey published Tuesday by Le Figaro , the president of FN made the first round racing ahead at 32%, far ahead Xavier Bertrand (26%). An advance that would turn into victory in the second round with no less than 37% five-point lead. The socialist candidate arrives far behind with only 18% of the votes in the first round, with a reserve of environmentalists voice evaluated around 8%. A common list of the left would only get 23%. These omens do not seem to doubt the first secretary of the PS Jean-Christophe Cambadélis invited RTL on Tuesday morning. The head of the rue de Solferino continues to support Stone Saintignon. “I’m not saying that a fight is lost until you have completed”, launched the deputy of Paris before considering one that was “designated by the militants” remains a “candidate quite effective and necessary” .
“She’s the only one that can exist between Le Pen and Xavier Bertrand”
On the side of the entourage the mayor of Lille, this new call not convinced, on the contrary even, it annoys. “There will be no Martine Aubry friends to sign this call. It is a destabilization operation at a time when the challenge is to gather all the left “Justice François Lamy, contacted by Scan. “She has already spoken on the subject: she wants to stay for mayor of Lille. She could not combine the two terms if it prevailed, “he notes. And former Minister for optimism: “We have a candidate, Pierre de Saintignon which is the only one not consider the election as a springboard. Our hope is to bring massively left in the first round, the PRG the Left Front. “
The application of regional Martine Aubry is claimed long ago by some socialist cadres. Manuel Valls himself has called for this option, which was seen as “a trap” in the entourage of the mayor of Lille, very upset at not having had a say in the merger of regions. Given the uncertainty of victory, the mayor of Lille finally decided to increase the candidature of one of his lieutenants.
When contacted by Scan, MP of Pas-de-Calais Guy Delcourt says his pessimism, while stating that not sign the open letter launched by his colleagues. “This is not the best tactic, myself I sent him a manifesto there several months. She already knows she is the only one that can exist between Le Pen and Xavier Bertrand. Snatching a win, Aubry was an opportunity to show that it is supported, loved the French, and put a stop to our long descent into hell. “
” We must not minimize the issues, “warns the elect. “The Nord-Pas-de-Calais is a temperature map that has national test for the left. If Le Pen wins the region is heading towards a new April 21, 2002 at the next presidential election. And Saintignon is a great activist, but there are other factors such as reputation index. Martine Aubry knows that the reason justifies the challenge, “wants to believe Guy Delcourt, who still hopes to move the lines.
Due to a last minute change by the National Education the school holiday calendar, the calendars will be in September in the satchels are wrong. But publishers have found a solution.
It is not, for once, the “fault to Voltaire,” but that the National Education! The agendas of French schoolchildren, running from September 2015 to summer 2016, will need a little update before the start of school, as revealed Tuesday morning France Info. Indeed, the page dedicated to the school holiday dates contains information become inaccurate since the department changed at the last minute mid-April, the school calendar and the division into academies areas.
Out in mid-April, impossible to include these changes in the agendas 2015. To meet their draw result -2,000,000 nothing at Exacompta-Clairefontaine -, manufacturers are starting to print in September to deliver the first units in April! “The Ministry of Education did not warn us,” laments Gilles Nusse, president of the union of manufacturers. “Normally the holiday dates are published in the Olympics for three years and do not move. We can not step back and remind our best. “
Among the most disturbing changes include the Advanced one week of the Easter holidays and the change of consolidation of academies. Paris (Area C) is now connected to Toulouse and not Bordeaux. Nancy pass it in B. agendas manufacturers offer their users to print via their sites, modified and updated version of the erroneous page and slip into their agenda. In the store shelf, sticker or a poster indicates to prospective buyers worry.
However a portion of the diaries is still in production, their different specifications remain to be connected. For them, the disputed book was reprinted corrected. Exacompta-Clairefontaine estimated this additional cost at EUR 200,000. But Gilles Nusse wants philosopher: “This is the first time we faced changes if substantial but usually when the Department changes its occupant, everything is upset!”
VIDEO – Marine Le Pen’s presence in regional elections in December was no longer in doubt for several days. Before the activists of the Nord – Pas-de-Calais – Picardie Tuesday in Arras, it confirmed its commitment
The decision would have been. making it three weeks ago, according to his campaign manager Bruno Bilde “She realized that there was a huge expectation,” he says. The sellout crowd before which the FN president speaks in Arras, applause and “Marine” chanted confirm. And pans concert at the back of the room by opponents do not disturb the speech. After weeks of waiting, Marine Le Pen from campaigning for the presidency of the Nord – Pas-de-Calais. – Picardie
“For months the media get excited about my candidacy , she says. I do not make my decisions lightly, I took time to reflect “Faced with the risk of losing and at the following election issue, the presidential candidate did not budge.” I made the choice of courage, passion. ” Taking for example the management of the city of Hénin-Beaumont (Pas-de-Calais) by Steeve Briois, it ensures that the National Front will lead this great region, to “improve the lives of our compatriots.”
Those in the region, therefore, but also the French in general, because behind the regional discourse, the National resonates strongly. Unemployment, immigration, insecurity: the announced campaign themes already prefigure 2017. Marine Le Pen does not hide “. Those who vote for me also wanted me to be president of the Republic” No problem for her, to conduct these campaigns following. She already announced that if President Region, it will retire a few months to the presidential campaign, and believes that his team will take over. Regional or national campaign, the regional councilor does not choose: “It is both, we are not an above ground area, not an island. We are suffering the brunt of the choices made at national level. “
Face it, Xavier Bertrand does not hide his ambitions for the Republican primary, she calls him” Minister of unemployment “. It is not tender with Stone Saintignon, socialist candidate, who is “there because Martine Aubry has not the courage to come,” she said again. Yet, right and left, the campaign began long ago. For the FN, it will take the fall for it really began: the list will be announced in September, and the project in October. Bruno Bilde sees no delay for Marine Le Pen: “The campaigns are becoming shorter. We will have three months effective, we will conduct a sustained campaign, but not aggressive. “
This time, it should not shirk facing Marine Le Pen that comes stomping the flat strips of what was once a garden of electing socialists. PS, we will push, pull and also the Elysée and Matignon and therefore in the locals for it embarks on the difficult battle of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy, but it will be “a Battle of France. ” Sensational. Uncertain. “Lost in advance”, lament certain aubrystes. But “the only battle that we lose, likes to say Manuel Valls, are those we do not book.” So, remember she finally it is the heir of Pierre Mauroy, who never fled essential confrontations or she will definitely be the daughter of Jacques Delors, who escapes his fate? She will remain stashed away from its belfry Lille, but that would be the mausoleum of retirement, or she will risk a fighter that would restore a role and a chandelier she lost? Does it give reason to the Dutch who sneer “Aubry is all safe” or she will consolidate her last and so few faithful who would like to finally see this appointment with history?
The socialist majority assailed
To his friends, for his enemies as elsewhere, it is even the last card that could bring down the mayor of Lille, who just loose federation of Northern PS. A trump card. “Because we finally say, says it will rue de Solferino, she has courage, she embarks on a battle is far from won, but where it is in the future as the honor of the left “. It is not possible even reproached him defeat. Because polls underline how the socialist majority has become a minority in their land.
A few strongholds still hold in the mining area and against usury and corruption of the old a new generation appeared with particular MP Nicolas Bays, mayors Lievin Laurent Duporges or Lens Sylvain Robert, but these need a list head of another dimension stone Saintignon. A relative of Martine Aubry and shadow worker who did nothing unworthy. But regional election took another scale with the entry of Marine Le Pen in the running and formidable fighter activism Xavier Bertrand. These are not the only local themes that will be necessary, but national obviously that will burn the news. The media will make this clash a pre-presidential issue where the left will be excluded if Martine Aubry does not rise fissa front line.
to gather only the left
If it remained in second place, then it is likely to carry the weight of a terrible defeat, although some will be right to blame government policy. He will remain as the mayor of Lille and former boss of the PS will be removed from his militant obligations. It makes loyalty to his profession commitments would appear always as having disowned like the shirkers villipende it.
Martine Aubry today, very many people are going remind him in the coming days, is the only one in a position to create a dynamic assembly with the left. Alternative applications that continue to be raised, Sports Minister Patrick Kanner or former Transport Minister Frederic Cuvelier, are not able to reverse the table and all that. Only Martine Aubry could carry with it ecologists, who have indicated to their favorable provisions. It could create momentum now absent, and break the spiral of defeat looming. It would also provide proof to the undertaker dead too eager that it “is not over,” she can still embody hope. While conversely discard its possible would be a further sign of the demobilization of a left walking for election as to the slaughterhouse.
For the mayor of Lille it is no longer time to distribute waffles nicely to its visitors, as usual (excellent ones stamped Meert incidentally), but d ‘inflict Marine Le Pen. It is the Mother confectioner need, but the “Mother Tape Dur” we once knew.
Death Pasqua: Holland welcomes “the memory of a Gaullist”
President François Hollande, after the announcement of the death of Charles Pasqua, “salutes the memory of a Gaullist” who “has conducted his entire political life personality” in a statement from the Elysee on Tuesday. ” The …
For an investigative journalist specializing like you in the politico-legal cases, I imagine that at the end of the twentieth century, Charles Pasqua, Interior Minister, Baron of Hauts-de- Seine, executor of the dirty work in the UDR and the RPR, was inevitable …
Absolutely! I was talking with him quite complicated reports, tumultuous. But it was also a very endearing character – and exciting, extraordinary, as there existed no other. I remember one time I had an appointment with him to a dark history of true-false passport in which he was involved. He eventually take a big angry bawl me by saying he was fed up of journalists, it was all idiots … I got up and I said, “Minister, apparently you are not willing to answer my questions, I’ll go away. ” There, big silence among his advisers, paralyzed. And her answer: “But Pontaut, you know that they are false anger Sit down, let’s have a drink!”.
He had the reputation of being quite frank …
When he wanted, yes. In two cases that have followed, in 1993 and 1994, assaults against the kidnappers, mother of Neuilly and a year later, in an Air Algeria, every time the protagonists are dead There was no trial, I asked him to tell me all he knew, and I had access to all the information, all that counted with a verve that belonged only to him. He had a very direct word – his wife too! Like the time when the judge Courroye, who was conducting a search at home, asked Charles Pasqua its portfolio, as was his right. The atmosphere became very cold. His wife then told that the last Courroye who had asked his wallet to her husband, it was the Gestapo. The atmosphere then became downright frigid.
Charles Pasqua has sometimes brushed illegal …
Yes, there is the SAC, the barbouseries some electoral manipulation in the Hauts de-Seine. But I think that personally, it was someone with integrity. So it’s true, he liked the relationship “the Corsican” with its parallel networks. But he never made it to enrich themselves, for example. He knew all the tricks to play with – especially the electoral laws. So he realized that campaign funding was admittedly limited … except for the candidates themselves, which could abound limitless. And he was on a list, in ineligible positions, a candidate who was for him to have lots of money and can spend without counting … I believe that there has been an investigation, nevertheless.
What was the Corsica for him?
It was a Corsican of the continent, a Corsican from Marseilles, it will not be forgotten. In the end, he said: “I’m not so much in Corsica, every time, we just tell me the stories of the island for hours!” He had kept the clan side – and then the relationship with the game world … He loved the complex political games. And if he had a lot of charm, a real will on the people, it was very loved, he was also much feared: he was not only false anger!
Charles Pasqua was especially loved by his “cops” …
For police officers, there have been two large interior ministers Pierre Joxe, for all that he has changed in the functioning of his ministry; and Charles Pasqua, who was very close to them. He was able to mobilize as a person.
How would you define politically?
It was a Gaullist, he has always been Gaullist, resistant, son of resistant … D ‘ Moreover, he shared it with François Mitterrand, with whom he got along very well. They met regularly to tell all the evil they thought of their surroundings. He has always supported Chirac – except once, because he thought that this time he would not succeed. He sided with Balladur, it was better placed to win. He was wrong. With Chirac, they continued to be after. But it was never the same. I asked him, he told me, “with Chirac, it is called.” There was something broken.
Charles Pasqua had made Hauts-de-Seine real stronghold …
Hauts-de-Seine, it gave him tremendous power – you can imagine, the budget of Greece! At the same time, that’s where he lived one of its only two failures, when he lost the town hall of Neuilly in favor of a youngster by the name of … Nicolas Sarkozy. It was green with rage.
He dreamed of the presidency of the Senate
The other failure is the presidency of the Senate, which has always denied it, then he dreamed. But he had not the profile. Not enough consensual. And so out of the ordinary! Imagine a Senate president on official visit to Saudi Arabia with a delegation supposed to sell warships, that leaves to go to tea in the desert with the Saudi Interior Minister, and tell her of … goats stories! “We talked about goats, I sold him Corsican goats!” Had he told me. I never knew if it was true.
A new Pasqua, now it be?
He was the last of the generation born in the postwar period. He had been forged by the resistance and was from civil society before doing politics, it was trading at Ricard.
“We have expelled since 2012 forty preachers of hatred and imams. In the previous five years, he had been expelled fifteen,” said Monday on Europe1 the Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve.
“Since the beginning of the year, there are 22 cases that are under investigation, and dozens of imams and preachers of hate who were expelled,” a-t- he adds. All “hate preacher who intended to remain in France, if he will be expelled abroad, I always do,” said the minister.
& gt; & gt; Read as “Who is” the Great Ali “, to whom Yassin Salhi radicalized?”
Expertise The current records
Asked about the government’s desire to close the hundred Salafist mosques, some of which feed the terrorist jihadism, he replied “if there are associations that manage these mosques and all of whose members are pursuing an objective appeal to hatred and incitement to terrorism, these mosques will be dissolved.” Records are currently being expertise, said Bernard Cazeneuve.
In addition, he insisted, “there have been complaints filed criminal every time it was found that a person called to hatred in mosques in France.”
Yassin Salhi, alleged jihadist who confessed to killing and beheading his boss Friday in Isère, was radicalized in Pontarlier, Doubs, in the early 2000s in contact with a man suspected of planning attacks in Indonesia with al-Qaida militants.
& gt; & gt; Read: Who is Yassin Salhi?
“There is no doubt (from the suspect, ie) incentives whose reality is personal, but there is a symbolism which it borrows all the most horrible images, the most abject terrorism, “said Bernard Cazeneuve.
The interior minister will visit the day in Sousse in Tunisia, where an attack against a hotel killed 38 Friday.
The heat wave from Spain arrived Tuesday in France. Météo France has 26 departments placed in orange alert heatwave starting Tuesday 14h, in anticipation of a “prompt and lasting episode” .
The departments concerned are those regions Burgundy Ile-de-France and Limousin, and Ain, Allier, Cher, the Dordogne, the Indre, the Loire, the Loiret, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, the Puy-de . -Dôme and Rhone
The maximum temperatures are often above 35 degrees: 37 degrees are expected in Lyon, for example, while 40 ° C will be reached or surpassed in the southwest .
Episode stormy Thursday
From Wednesday this heat wave will rise to the north to Paris and the great east (northeast, central east, Alsace , Lyon …), with high minimum, between 19 and 23 °. He could do 38.8 ° in Paris on Wednesday, 40 ° weekend in Lyon.
“On Thursday, a stormy period will lower the temperatures on the western half. But behind the hot flash will restart and board temperatures on the rise, with scorching values that will persist throughout the weekend, “ ad Météo-France.
“After the weekend, we see a slight downward trend, but the values remain high, so the risk continues to be always heatwave” , says Benichou.
Previous notable heat waves occurred in France later in the summer in early August 2003 and July 2006. The 2006 heat wave was less intense than that of 2003, but lasted longer (19 days ).
Drinking plenty of water
See the video Poteln advice from Professor, Head of Emergencies at Nantes University Hospital
What is the dog days?
In France, the term heat wave is defined by the intensity of the maximum and minimum temperatures (just as crucial as it is they that allow the body to recover) and duration (three days).
As the global climate warms, if nothing is done to curb the rising thermometer, frequency and intensity of heat waves will increase in the next 20 years and more by the end of the 21st century, according to the scenarios, even the most optimistic of UN climate experts (IPCC).
& gt; & gt; ALSO READ: full tips for coping with high temperatures
It is very rare to meet in the circles of power, a man who scares and laugh all at once. A man who was long feared networks, secret files, dirty tricks, but the right words, the Provencal accent and a certain way of being, a thousand miles technocratic politics, have also built a form popularity.
Charles Pasqua, who has just died, Monday, June 29 at age 88 of complications from a heart problem, according to a statement from his family published in The Point , had two faces. That of a “godfather” in Corsican conversing with some of his collaborators and dragging in its wake one end of Françafrique, some black legends of the Gaullist movement and many cases défrayèrent judicial chronicle.
One of a character as to Fernandel, terribly friendly, connoisseur of men and inviting everyone to saucissonades memorable. According to the times we swore that he had been “a great resistant” , “a grumbler of Gaullism” , “the first cop of France” “the boss of the richest General Council of the Hexagon, the Hauts-de-Seine” . But it’s even François Mitterrand who summarized the better colorful character of V th Republic, referring to a mixture of admiration and suspicion, “that devil M . Pasqua. “
” Without de Gaulle and Paul Ricard, I would not be who I am “
Throughout his life, the former minister left almost everything. Himself talk much, never short of a joke or anecdote. It was his way, however, very effective, always hide the essential. That is to say, his perfect knowledge of many state secrets and some dark behaviors in the heart of the Republic. Within the right, those who followed his path, his political choices, his trial had ended up telling him coyly “This is a character” , as they evoke a theatrical character. And you must wager that here was a way of homage, admiration and perhaps nostalgia for a bygone era of politics.
Charles Pasqua summed up one day his life in one sentence who laughed snobs: “Without de Gaulle and Paul Ricard, I would not be who I am. “
To figure out what he wanted to say so, we must first return to the fifteen years of the grand-son of Corsican shepherd, this policeman son, and feel the sun and fragrances of Grasse, in Alpes-Maritimes. Young Charles was born April 18, 1927, into a family of fierce patriots, as are sometimes the Corsicans.
After the invasion of the free zone by the Nazi armies in November 1942, s ‘the Resistance under the pseudonym Prairie. In fact, his father, Andrew, is already a member of a network and makes false identity cards of his police station.
Meanwhile, Charles is part of a group of young people who join soon the free France of de Gaulle. From there will date her attachment to man-June 18, he will join after the war, from its foundation in 1947, the RPF. He resumed his studies, graduating from high school and a law degree and married the woman who will always be at his side, Jeanne Joly, a Quebec met in Grasse, with whom he had once only son, Peter. It now takes him a trade.
It is ‘easily seduced by the mobsters’
It will find its first fulfillment in the Ricard company, which then leads battle in the market for alcohol and spirits against Pernod, and reigns supreme in Marseille, where the family moved Pasqua. “I had a stroke of luck, I was received by Paul Ricard himself, Charles Pasqua sometimes told . In his office, he asked me to mimic a sales stage. My performance had to please him. Fifteen days later I was taken for testing. “
It will quickly be noticed by his patter, his intelligence and his sense of the sale. Paul Ricard has an almost clannish way of managing his business. It organizes weekends and bullfights home, invites its directors with their wives and arranges, in essence, that its executives live entirely in the Ricard orbit, including holidays.
Soon Charles Pasqua will be bombarded sales inspector in Corsica, then climb all levels up to the general management of sales in France and export in 1962, sailing from Marseille to Corsica to land in Paris. In 1967, he became the number two in the group. In these times it mainly remembered as a method and define it:
“With Paul Ricard, we had in common atypical behavior. Apart nails … It was a kind of play. More than a game, a need for action. “
” need for action “ also a parallel outlet. In 1959 he became a co-founder with Jacques Foccart and Achille Peretti, the Civic Action Service (SAC), a sort of private Gaullist police, during the war of Algeria. Pasqua is the vice-president and head of the with his friend Daniel Léandri. It is a curious mix of militants, police, gendarmes and the “middle” men who, in the Gaullist engagement beginning, will gradually drift to the raids, accounts regulations and illegality.
Friends “Charles” concede while it is “easily seduced by the mobsters’ , so much more colorful these son of the bourgeoisie who hold the High political keypad. He also sees no contradiction to attend to better serve the legendary figure who remains his reference: de Gaulle. “De Gaulle was a myth! he said one day to the World . If he had been a Communist, I would have no hesitation coconut. And if he had asked me to die for him, I would have done without hesitation. “
In 1968, it is with his troops that the SAC organizes the Gaullist Charles Pasqua tidal wave of 30 May on the Champs-Elysees. He was elected in the wake, UDR MP for the riding of Clichy-Levallois. The previous year, he left to start his own Ricard company Euralim, based in Levallois-Perret, specializing in the import of Americano, an Italian cocktail of Campari and vermouth. But it’s really the policy that offers him the playing field to which he aspires.
From de Gaulle to Chirac
“We do not understand anything about me if we do not understand that I am a militant” , used to launch Pasqua. He could also have added “if one does not understand that I’m a man of war” . Those years transcend everything. The companionship of those who lived through the conflict is far stronger than the political divisions: there are resistant and stashed. And a hundred times Pasqua show his sympathy for communists or socialists who may well be “the other side” politics but attended the same shores of the fight against the Nazi occupiers. Conversely, it may well have declared “common values” with the National Front and even surround themselves with defectors from the extreme right and former Organization of the army secret (OAS), it still experience a deep aversion to Jean-Marie Le Pen and the diatribes launched by former Poujadist MP, in the 1960s, against the self-determination policy decided by the General in Algeria.
Under these conditions, that can be worth its alliance with a man too young to have experienced war: Jacques Chirac. Orphan de Gaulle, Charles Pasqua yet has a real heart for this political godson Georges Pompidou. Chirac has the charm and the appetite of ambitious young people and if he was careful to give in appearance to bourgeois convention, he appreciates the true value of efficiency in the pagnolesque humor of Charles.
In 1974, Pasqua starts its service. “If you keep for France the cape of Gaullism, I will do everything in my power to help you become the new leader” , he told her. Now, friendship seems unwavering. The two men flirt with, share their secrets, and girls Chirac are used to see “Uncle Charles” come and have a whiskey in the evening with the man who became the Prime Minister Valéry Giscard d’Estaing after betraying Yet the man who embodied the Gaullist resistance: Jacques Chaban-Delmas
1980, Pasqua “boys” and the Ministry of Interior
C ‘. Together, with the tandem Pierre Juillet and Marie-France Garaud, they will create the RPR in 1976 after the break between Chirac and Giscard. Pasqua helped the young wolf to get hold of the UDR and silence the barons of Gaullism. Chirac made him the deputy secretary general of the movement. Now, the second phase of his political life will be linked to the ascent to the presidency of the Republic of this foal with long teeth. No internal election of neo- Gaullist movement escapes him. Its networks are mobilized at any time, even for the less worthy actions.
In 1981, Chirac made him his campaign manager for the presidential election. Pasqua is largely dedicated to destabilize Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who represents. While the outgoing president is facing controversy over diamonds offered by the “Emperor” Bokassa of the Central African Jean-Bedel, the Pasqua boys nightly affix the posters of Giscard candidate, just instead eye, stickers diamonds … In RPR, executives have received explicit instructions to vote for Mitterrand. Giscard did not recover.
In the team is already preparing for the next election Chirac, Pasqua, now embodies the “dirty tricks” the RPR and the authoritarian side a leader flanked on the other side of Edouard Balladur and Alain Juppé a. It has become the bane of the left. He is so in March 1986, when the right wins the parliamentary and Chirac became the first Prime Minister of cohabitation of the V th François Mitterrand opposed four appointments government, including his own at the Ministry of Interior. Chirac gives the other three, not him Pasqua becomes the “first cop of France”
He hears the role in his own way.. A few days after his arrival Place Beauvau, and it receives the head of the far-right newspaper Minute , Patrick Buisson. From his safe, the Minister has released to the intention of him twenty years later became adviser to Nicolas Sarkozy at the Elysee a thick pink folder on which is written in large letters “Turpitudes socialist” … The interior minister is already preparing the struggle against the left, and this one is not mistaken. It challenges the new redistricting largely unfavorable to the PS, the death of the student Malik Oussekine, December 5, 1986, during protests against the laws Devaquet university and soon the issue of a true false passport by the Directorate Territorial Surveillance (DST) to Yves Chalier, former socialist minister’s chief of Christian Nucci involved in the development of the Carrefour deal.
The right, however, adheres to its muscular policy making more difficult the stay of foreigners in France and praises the arrest terrorists Direct Action. The “We must terrorize the terrorists” launched by the Minister becomes almost a cult sentence RPR. It is also thanks to the action of a close, Jean-Charles Marchiani, a former foreign service documentation and against-espionage (SDECEE) who speaks in Corsica with the minister, that will be released including the May 5, 1988 the Lebanese hostages, Jean-Paul Kauffmann, Marcel Carton and Marcel Fontaine. Under the caricature of Fernandel advanced for the first time the power of the human network and secrets that, until his death never deliver the conditions for the release of which we still do not know with certainty the counterparties.
” The promises only bind those who receive the “
The second round of the presidential election is to take place three days later. The joy of seeing the journalist and the two diplomats finally free, yet shared throughout France, will not save the right. François Mitterrand was re-elected. “Certainly, the French do not like my husband,” says bluntly Bernadette Chirac.
In fact, Charles Pasqua understood well before his defeat that Chirac does the not prevail. It infuriates since the fall of 1986 his political hesitations, weaknesses facing the “childish” “the band Francois Leotard” , his fascination for her Minister Edouard Balladur liberal economy. “If you want to content yourself to be the president of the General Council of Corrèze, he said then Chirac, is within your reach. But it will be without us! “ It considers indecisive, nervous and, frankly, no backbone.
The day after the presidential election, he decided to start his own business with the help of another rebel, Philippe Séguin. Their offensive against the direction of neo- Gaullist party will fizzle in February 1990, but two years later, the chairman of the Senate RPR Pasqua group meets again to Seguin sides against Chirac and the Maastricht Treaty.
The European treaty that will create the single currency was adopted by referendum on 20 October 1992 but their campaign has been remarkably effective. Above all, it allowed Pasqua to anchor in a popular electorate often abandoned in the National Front, which he said – between the two rounds of the 1988 presidential election, when Jean-Marie Le Pen had obtained 14.4% of votes in the first round – and share “the same values,” . He tries to grow by filing in the Senate in October 1988, a bill for the restoration of the death penalty.
In the opinion, its formulas are now in vogue: ” The promises only bind those who receive them ” , “politics, it is kicked in the balls” , “it is more true to his nature that his interests” . But Charles Pasqua aspires to exercise power. In the Senate, which he coveted the presidency, part of the right has coalesced against him. In 1983, the young Nicolas Sarkozy blew his town hall of Neuilly, but since 1988 he chairs the richest General Council of France, that of the Hauts-de-Seine. Here it politically and financially powerful.
It has not escaped Edouard Balladur, who in 1993, thanks to the victory of the right in parliamentary elections, became prime minister for the second cohabitation Mitterrand faced by this time a very weakened by illness. The government made it is a small masterpiece of political balance: all the leaders of the right therein, Charles Pasqua, back to the Interior Ministry, to Simone Veil, Francois Leotard Nicolas Sarkozy, Bayrou Gerard Longuet. Pasqua has already understood the presidential ambitions of former Chirac adviser. Annoyed by what he considers the psychological weakness, he said coldly to it a few months earlier: “Jacques, if you let Edward go to Matignon, it will be like if you were playing with Belgian roulette: the where there is a bullet hole in each barrel “ But since Edward is here …
The return to the Place Beauvau
Department Inside, it’s like a repeat of the years 1986-1988. The new minister makes vote the reform of the code of French nationality. It must also deal with student demonstrations in 1994 against the employability contract (CIP), which are marked by violent clashes between police and youth groups. On 4 October 1994, it faces a bloody shootout in central Paris that killed three people among the security forces. It is perpetrated by two students, Florence Rey and Audry Maupin.
Again, Charles Pasqua says “personally in favor” the return of the death penalty for “the most sordid murderers, those who attack the helpless elderly, those who violate or kill children, those who murder the heads of law enforcement” . Under his leadership, General Rondot organizes the arrest of the terrorist Carlos, and it is also under his rule that the GIGN intervenes in December 1994 at Marseille airport, to “neutralize” a commando of the GIA who hijacked an Airbus Algiers party.
However, activists are blown RPR see Charles Pasqua decide to support a few months before the presidential election, a Edouard Balladur yet still he had treated at best “pain in the ass” the worst “liberal bourgeois bradeur of Gaullism” . One is sovereignty and holds the state intervention for the brand of French power. The other is European and liberal. What can they have in common if not a trivial interest and cynical for power?
Pasqua he measured the confusion and misunderstanding that arouses his followers? In the aftermath of its position, it is piped into the ranks of the RPR. The imbroglio of Schuller Marshal case in full presidential campaign, and judicial scandals that undermine his Patrick Balkany stronghold of Hauts-de-Seine complete to tarnish his image. The defeat of Edouard Balladur leaves without allies.
” Everything has been done to eliminate me. A judge took care of it … “
In 1999, his alliance with Philippe de Villiers in the European elections allows him to anticipate the list led by Nicolas Sarkozy, forcing it to resign as head of the RPR. Pasqua and Villiers founded a new party, the RPF. But the two men are not made for each other. Among the twelve RPF elected Members of the European Parliament, leaving the ten. At the head of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine, he created the University Pole Leonardo da Vinci called “Pasqua college.” He begins to feel grow wings. They will be cut short in righteousness.
“My troubles began in 2000, when I said I was a candidate for the 2002 presidential” , in 2009 explained Charles Pasqua, who retailed: “ It is obvious if you look at it retrospectively, as if I were a candidate, Jacques Chirac n would never have been elected. He was allegedly beaten by Lionel Jospin. Everything has been done to eliminate me. A judge took care of it … “ Nevertheless. Investigations of Justice shed a new light another facet of the political animal.
Africa connoisseurs have long known how Pasqua networks have gradually taken the place of old networks Foccart. The former head of SAC wants to be the Fouche of Africa and can count on its faithful, including Daniel Léandri, Jean-Charles Marchiani and his own son, Peter Pasqua, to help him in this ambition. At the Ministry of Interior, Pasqua knew to help, give security advice, discreetly monitor opponents installed in France, issuing visas. In its way, Charles Pasqua leads in Africa, especially in oil producing countries, its own diplomacy. He tries to install his own man – often Corsica – in most African presidents, as far beyond the pre francophone square. One percent of the budget of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine is dedicated to cooperation in Africa.
When, in January 1997, Philippe Jaffré the new CEO of Elf Aquitaine, decides visit Angola, the oil eldorado by far the most promising in Africa, he must shift his visit a week. The former interior minister was scheduled at the same time moving to Luanda and could monopolize the best contacts to the Angolan presidency, but many executives of the French oil company. François Mitterrand himself had understood: in Elf, nicknamed “Africa pump” of the French political class, we can agree to share and work together between Le Floch-Prigent, appointed by the President Socialist Alfred Sirven, near Charles Pasqua, and Chirac André Tarallo.
Pasqua also maintains close links with the arms dealer Pierre Falcone and partner of the latter, Arcadi Gaydamak, decorated the National Order of Merit for having played a key role in the release in December 1995 of French pilots held in Bosnia.
We find all these names in most financial affairs that go stopping years 2000 Charles Pasqua. Relaxed in six of them, he was sentenced to prison suspended twice, even if the court states that it has found in his “no greed nor villainous enrichment will” . His son, Peter, however, must stay in prison. In recent years, Charles Pasqua, who had given up to represent the senatorial elections in 2011, continued to meet friends around the Corsican charcuterie. Recounting happy memories. Sweetened, however, all its secrets.
Former Interior Minister Charles Pasqua died Monday at the age of 88. Symbolic figure of the French right, pillar years Chirac, former Senator of Hauts-de-Seine had retired from politics in 2011, forty-three years after his first election as an MP.
Always regularly consulted by the caciques of the UMP, Nicolas Sarkozy and particularly by Charles Pasqua had appeared for the last time in public on May 30 at the conference that transformed the party into Republicans. Visibly suffering, he explained to want to miss this day “for the world.” . The last years of the old fighter have been obscured by the business succession and trials
VIDEO – Right salutes the memory of “the last great Gaullist”:
To take refuge in air-conditioned places, wet body and clothes … The Minister for Ecology and Sustainable Development Ségolène Royal Monday unveiled several tips and measures to fight against the heat wave .
First, the Minister announced the “mobilization” air conditioned public areas to relieve sufferers of the announced heat wave. They wish that people “can come sit.” Ms Royal particularly cited “commercial galleries, cinemas, libraries”. “An inventory will be done in all areas.”
“If wrapped in wet towels and sponges are placed in an air current”
Ségolène Royal also said that “public information was to be held, especially on the most effective actions” to take. “You have to wet the hair, head, body, she said. In previous plans heatwave, it was recommended to drink a lot but to lower the temperature of the vulnerable, children and the elderly, we must up to wrap in wet towels and sponges are placed in an air stream, is really what helps anticipate accidents. ”
One of the recommendations of the Minister drew particular attention of Internet users: the wet clothes. Some wanted to see, with humor, an incentive to organize wet t-shirt contest.
Video: Touraine announces the opening of a platform for advice
Two climbers forty years were found dead this morning after unscrewing the Ecrins, according to the CRS Briancon (Hautes-Alpes) specialized in mountain rescue.
Parties perform the ascent of Olan (3,564 meters) in Isère, with its northern edge, the two mountaineers were discovered isérois to 10:00 during a helicopter reconnaissance, the source said, confirming a report in Dauphiné Libéré .
This is the guardian of the refuge of Font Turbat (2169 meters) which gave the alert late last night, not seeing the two men who had left a part of their business in refuge. The high mountain police squad (PGHM) in Grenoble then made a first helicopter reconnaissance, which proved unsuccessful. CRS Briançon have taken over this morning.
The bodies were found about 3,000 meters high in a rocky area. They died after unscrewing, according to rescuers.
Two leaders of the European branch of Uber today were placed in custody by the Paris judicial police in an investigation on their mobile UberPOP, judicial sources affirmed and close the file, confirming an iTV information. According to information given by Le Monde , it would be the general manager France, Thibaut Simphal, and Pierre-Dimitri Gore-Coty, CEO Europe of American business.
Opened in November 2014, before mobilization taxis against illegal employment in the sector, this preliminary investigation is that customers matchmaking system to transport individuals against remuneration but without paying payroll taxes.
A dozen imams “hate preachers” were expelled from France since the beginning of the year, said Monday Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, after criticism of the lack of firmness government following the attack led Friday by a suspected jihadist. “We have since 2012 (date of the coming to power of socialist Francois Hollande) expelled forty preachers of hatred and imams. In the previous five years, he n ‘ had been expelled only fifteen, “said the minister on the radio Europe 1.” Since the beginning of the year there are 22 cases that are under investigation, and dozens of imams and preachers hatred who were expelled, “he added, responding to criticism from right-wing opposition. Asked about the government’s desire to close the hundred Salafist mosques, some of which feed jihadism, he replied that “if there are associations that run the mosques and all of whose members are pursuing an objective appeal to hatred and incitement to terrorism, these mosques will be dissolved. ” According to him, the files are currently being expertise. Furthermore, the Minister emphasized, “there have been complaints filed criminal every time it was found that a person called to hatred in mosques in France.” Yassin Salhi, alleged jihadist who confessed to killing and beheading his boss Friday near Lyon (center-east), was radicalized in Pontarlier (is) in the early 2000s at the touch of a man suspected of plotting bombings in Indonesia with al-Qaida militants. “There is no doubt (from the suspect, ie) incentives whose reality is personal, but there is a symbolism which it borrows all the most horrible images, the most abject of terrorism,” said Mr. Cazeneuve. There are about 2,500 mosques in France, where estimates of the number of Muslims vary between 4 and 5 million. (Belga)
The Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said Monday on Europe1 forty imams “preachers of hate” had been expelled from France since 2012, including a dozen since the beginning of the year.
“We have expelled since 2012 forty preachers of hatred and imams. In the previous five years, he had been expelled fifteen, “said the Minister.
” Since the beginning of the year there are 22 cases that are under investigation and a dozen imams and preachers of hate who were expelled, “he added. While” hate preacher who intended to remain in France, if he will be expelled abroad, I do systematically, “said the minister
Asked about the government’s desire to close the hundred Salafist mosques, some of which feed the terrorist jihadism, he replied.” If there has associations that manage these mosques and all of whose members are pursuing an objective appeal to hatred and incitement to terrorism, these mosques will be dissolved. “Files are currently being expertise, said Mr. Cazeneuve.
In addition, he insisted, “there have been complaints filed criminal every time it was found that a person called to hatred in mosques in France.”
Yassin Salhi, alleged jihadist who confessed to killing and beheading his boss Friday in Isère, was radicalized in Pontarlier (Doubs) in the early 2000s at the touch of a man suspected of planning attacks in Indonesia with al-Qaida militants.
“There is no doubt (from the suspect, ie) incentives whose reality is personal, but there is a symbolism which it borrows all images the most dreadful, the most abject of terrorism, “said Mr. Cazeneuve.
Bernard Cazeneuve will visit the day in Sousse in Tunisia, where an attack against a hotel killed 38 Friday.
Two days after the attack in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, Manuel Valls, who cut short his trip to South America to attend a defense council at the Elysee restricted Saturday returned to the antenna of Europe 1 on the state of the fight against terrorism in France. “The fight against terrorism, jihadism and radical Islam is a civilization of war that we can not lose. “” We live in a world where the threat is constant at a very high level, and there is no zero risk. “But” the battle plays within Islam between a humanistic Islam and an obscurantist Islam, totalitarian “.
Defending his record
Since Friday Attacked by some officials policies, Éric Ciotti Marine Le Pen, on the inadequate resources in place, and the failure to prevent the attacks as well as curb radicalization, the Prime Minister was keen to include the means implemented by his government. “30,000 policemen, gendarmes and soldiers assigned to protect sensitive areas. We created 1,830 additional posts of police and gendarmes to fight against terrorism, which affected 930 against domestic terrorism. We must relentlessly pursue this action. “” We did vote two anti-terrorism laws. France judgment of terrorist crimes committed abroad, blocking sites that glorify terrorism, European co … On all these issues, I say in passing, Marine Le Pen has opposed, “said the Prime Minister .
More than 1,800 people surveyed radicalized
Manuel Valls also takes stock of the extent of Islamist radicalization in France: “There are 1,800 individuals enumerated known linked to Islamist networks; 473 identified as being there; 119 died there on the spot; 217 returned on the national territory; 315 left home to join the zone, and 608 showed starting inclinations. We must realize that this is an incredibly powerful phenomenon. We have never faced such a threat. Add to that 500 veterans of other conflicts. We face a major phenomenon. “Should we also close the hundreds of Salafists mosques in France? Without answering the question, Manuel Valls stressed that one identifies “between 10 000 and 15 000 Salafists in France. This is an extremely conservative vision of Islam, often the antechamber of radicalization that can lead to terrorism. “Can we therefore speak of Interior enemy fifth column? “Having compatriots who could take action, that was it, change. But it is not a specifically French phenomenon: 5,000 Europeans left to wage jihad. We believe that by year’s end, there could be 10,000 Europeans engaged in the ranks of Daesh. “
A threat that will last
Manuel Valls acknowledged that the terrorist threat high in France was here to stay. “We can not get used to violence, barbarism and death. But we must be clear: we live in a major terrorist threat, and it will last. It concerns not only France but also other countries of Europe and the world. They want to fight not the values of the West, but the humanistic values universal. On January 13, the National Assembly, I said that we were facing a war against terrorism, against radical Islamism. There is a desire to end Daesh what are our values, universal values. And I remember that the first victims of Daesh in the world, it is of course the minorities, I think of the Christians of the East, but it is primarily Muslim. “
